Full Text
REGD. No. D. L.-33004/99
The Gazette of India
EXTRAORDINARY
PART II—Section 3—Sub-section (ii)
PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY
No. 59] NEW DELHI, MONDAY, JANUARY 5, 2026/PAUSHA 15, 1947
CG-DL-E-06012026-269122
[F. No. NHAI/Costal Highway/Rameswar-Ratanpur/LA/3(a)/PIU/BBSR/3D1]
MINISTRY OF ROAD TRANSPORT AND HIGHWAYS
NOTIFICATION
New Delhi, the 5th January, 2026
S.O. 69(E).— Whereas by the notification of the Government of India in the Ministry of Road Transport and
Highways, 3900 Dated:25/08/2025 , published in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II, Section 3, Sub-section
(ii) issued under sub-section (1) of section 3A of the National Highway Act, 1956 (48 of 1956) (hereinafter referred to
as the said Act), the Central Government declared its intension to acquire the land specified in the Schedule annexed
to the said notification for building (widening/four-laning, etc.), maintenance, management and operation
of Greenfield Highway in the stretch of land from Km. 107 to Km. 117.5 in the district of Jagatsinghpur in the state of
ODISHA
And whereas the substance of the said notification has been published in “The Times of India” dated
30/09/2025 , “Pratidin” dated 30/09/2025 ; under sub-section (3) of section 3A of the said Act;
And whereas the Competent Authority has received objections filed under Section 3-C, considered and
settled the same appropriately;
And whereas, in pursuance of sub-section (1) of section 3D of the said Act, the competent authority has
submitted its report to the Central Government;
Now, therefore, upon receipt of the said report of the competent authority and in exercise of the powers
conferred by the sub-section (1) of section 3D of the said Act, the Central Government hereby declares that the land
specified in the said Schedule should be acquired for the aforesaid purpose;
And further, in pursuance of sub-section (2) of section 3D of the said Act, the Central Government hereby
declares that on publication of this notification in the Official Gazette, the land specified in the said Schedule shall
vest absolutely in the Central Government, free from all encumbrances.
SCHEDULE
Brief description of the land to be acquired, with or without structure, falling within the Greenfield Highway in
the stretch of land from Km. 107 to Km. 117.5 in the district of Jagatsinghpur in the state of ODISHA
State: ODISHA District: Jagatsinghpur
Taluk: Balikuda
Village: Kuspur
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------**Question:** Explain the difference between `ls -l` and `ls -F` in Unix/Linux.
**Answer:**
Both `ls -l` and `ls -F` are commands used in Unix/Linux environments to list directory contents, but they provide different types of additional information and formatting:
---
### `ls -l` (Long Listing Format)
The `-l` option stands for "long listing format." It provides a detailed, human-readable output for each file and directory, presenting a wealth of information in a structured manner.
**Key Information Provided by `ls -l`:**
1. **File Type and Permissions (1st column):**
* The first character indicates the file type (e.g., `-` for a regular file, `d` for a directory, `l` for a symbolic link, `c` for a character device, `b` for a block device, `s` for a socket, `p` for a named pipe).
* The next nine characters are the permission bits, in three sets of three: owner, group, and others. Each set has `r` (read), `w` (write), and `x` (execute). A hyphen (`-`) indicates the absence of a permission.
2. **Number of Hard Links (2nd column):**
* The count of hard links pointing to the file. For directories, this includes the link from the parent directory and the `.` entry within the directory itself.
3. **Owner (3rd column):**
* The username of the file's owner.
4. **Group (4th column):**
* The group name of the file's owner group.
5. **Size (5th column):**
* The size of the file in bytes by default. With `-h` (human-readable) option (e.g., `ls -lh`), it shows sizes in K, M, G, etc.
6. **Last Modification Time (6th-8th columns):**
* The date and time when the file was last modified.
7. **File Name (9th column):**
* The actual name of the file or directory.
**Example `ls -l` Output:**
```
drwxr-xr-x 3 user group 4096 Jan 15 10:30 my_directory
-rw-r--r-- 1 user group 1234 Jan 10 09:00 my_file.txt
lrwxrwxrwx 1 user group 7 Jan 14 14:15 my_link -> another_file.txt
```
---
### `ls -F` (Classify Files)
The `-F` option stands for "classify files." Its primary purpose is to quickly identify the *type* of a file or directory by appending a special character to its name in the listing. It does not change the amount of information displayed (like `ls -l` does), but rather *adds* to the filename itself.
**Special Characters Appended by `ls -F`:**
* `/` (slash): Appended to directory names.
* `*` (asterisk): Appended to executable files (files with execute permission for at least one of owner, group, or others).
* `@` (at sign): Appended to symbolic links (on systems supporting this, often FreeBSD, but less common on Linux where symbolic links are not typically classified this way by `ls -F` by default unless configured). On Linux, `ls -F` often just classifies directories and executables.
* `|` (pipe): Appended to named pipes (FIFOs).
* `=` (equals sign): Appended to sockets.
**Key Characteristic of `ls -F`:**
* It's a quick visual cue to file types. You don't need to parse permissions or file sizes to know if something is a directory or an executable.
* It's often combined with other `ls` options (like `ls -lF` or `ls -aF`).
**Example `ls -F` Output:**
```
my_directory/
my_executable*
my_file.txt
my_pipe|
my_socket=
```
---
### Summary of Differences:
| Feature | `ls -l` (Long Listing Format) | `ls -F` (Classify Files) |
| :------------------------ | :---------------------------------------------------------- | :---------------------------------------------------------- |
| **Primary Goal** | Provide detailed file/directory attributes. | Visually indicate file type by appending a character. |
| **Output Format** | Multiple columns with permissions, owner, size, date, etc. | Basic listing (like `ls` without options), but with appended type indicators. |
| **Information Content** | Rich in metadata (permissions, links, owner, group, size, date). | Limited to file type (directory, executable, etc.) through appended characters. |
| **Visual Cues** | File type is shown by the first character in the permissions string (e.g., `d`, `-`, `l`). | File type is shown *after* the filename (e.g., `/`, `*`, `|`, `=`). |
| **Impact on Filename** | Does not alter the displayed filename. | Appends a classification character to the filename. |
| **Common Use Case** | When you need detailed information about files. | For a quick overview of file types in a directory. Often used in scripts or for quick visual scanning. |
| **Default `ls` behavior** | `ls` often defaults to `ls -F` or uses color coding to achieve similar classification. | `ls` without options typically doesn't classify by default unless aliased or configured. |
---
In modern Linux distributions, the `ls` command is often aliased to `ls --color=auto` or similar, which uses color to distinguish file types, often making the explicit use of `ls -F` less necessary for interactive use, as colors provide a more visually appealing and often clearer classification. However, `ls -F` is still valuable in scripts or when color output is not desired or supported.